Eye-testing apparatus



Nov. '29, 1927. 1,650,768

w. P. REAvEs EYE TESTING APPARATUS Filed sept. 26, 1,925 '7 Sheets-Sheet l i ""llir w. P. REAvEs EYE yIESIING APPARATUS Filed sept. 2e. 1925 '7 sheets-Sheet 2 Nov. 29, 1927. 1,650,768

Quorum! W. P. REAVES EYE TESTING APPARATUS Filed Sept. 26`, 1.925

,Nava 29, 1927;

'7 Sheets-Sheet 3 attenua;

W. P. REAVES EYB TESTING APPARATUS :med sept.26. 1925 '7 sheets-Sheet 4 TW w w, Tf1 -5- l uk/36" 71g. 5.

Nov. 29, 1927. 1,650,768

w. P. REAvEs EYE TESTING APPARATUS ,Filed sept. 26, 1925 'r sheets-sheet s Giro: cq

Nov. 29, 1927. 1,650,768

i w. P. REAvEs EYE TESTING APPARATUS Filed Sept. 26. 1925 '7 Sheets-Sheet 6 (juve/14% ofc 61H01 ne? Nov. 29, 192 7.

W. P. REAVES EYE TESTING APPARATUS Filed Sept. 25v 1 [925 '7 Sl'leecS--Shee'oA 7 lll i its Patented Non. 29, M327.

UNITED STAFFLS Pii'lfillT QFFICE.

EYE-TESTING- APPARATUS.

Application filed September his invention relates to eye testing,` app; tus, and relates more particularly to eye testing apparatus of the stereo-binocular type.

lt is an object ot my invention to provide an eye testing apparatus which is adapted to pcritorm the combined tunctions of a perimeter., a phoron'ieter and a clinoscope.

fit a 'further object ot my invention toV provide an instrument oi" this `character which dispenses with the necessity et employiup)n any prisms, which are unsatisfactory in that they are both expensive and diiiicult to accurately adjust.v Y

it is a still urther object ot' my invention to provide an apparatus olf this character which is extremely accurate and, at the same time, simple in construction and operation.

t) ther objects and advantages ot my invention will be apparent trom the "followingsT description taken in con `iunctionL with the accompanyimr drawings, which form a part ot this speci tion, and in which:

Fipg. l. is a iront elevation of an eye testina` apparatus accordingY to my invention;

Finn 2 is a top plan view of the same;

ilig. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary horizontal section taken on the line ottl Fig; ure l;

4. is a similar view taken on the line 4.*4. ot Figure l;

Fin'. 5 is a sinlilar 5---5 oif Figure l;

Figi'. (S is an enlarged central vertical seot-ion taken on the line 6 6 of Figure l;

Fig. 7 a front elevation of a test chart adapted t'or use with my apparatus;

Fig. 8 is a rear elevation oi the saine;

View taken on the line screen tor use with my apparatus;

Fig. l() is a trout elevation o't a rotatable test card having4 a lisation object for one eye adapted tor use with my appa nine; i. il is a trout elevation ol a rotatable test card having; a c iinilar fixation object tor the other eye d L ned to be used in conjunction with the card shown in Figure l;

Fig. l2 `is a rear elevation of the cards shown in Figures l() and l1;

Fig'. 13 is a diagrammatic plan View of my apparatus showing the relationof a pair ot standard eyes thereto;

le is a horizontal section through the mirror box;

Fic. l is a diagrammatic plan view of my apparatus in its normal position, showing 9 is a trent elevation ot an apertured es, 199.5. semaine. 58,767. i

the relation of a pair of esotropic eyes there to before any adjustments are made;

Fig. 16 is a similar view, showingl the ren lation of the same patients eyes to the apparatus after the adjustments necessary to secure binocular vision have been made; Fig. 17 is a diagrammatic plan view oi? my apparatus in its normal position, showing the relation of a pair of exotropic eyes thereto; and

Fig. 18 is a similar view, showingv the relation of the same patients eyes to kthe apparatus atter the adjustments necessary to secure binocula1 vision have been made. Referring more particularly to the drawings, in which like reference characters denote like parts throughout the several views thereof, three legs support' a triangular blocl-r 5l, which is preferably lmade in two pieces held together by screws 52, as shown in Figure 4, and is provided with a centrally disposed vertical aperture 53. The aperture 53 is preferably square in cross section, and a square rod 54 is adapted to slide vertically therein. A casing 55, .best shown in Figures 5 and 6, is secured to the lower side ot the block 51 and encloses a spiral spring 5G,

somewhat similar to a clock spring, the

lower end or which is secured to the rod 54 and which serves to counter-balance the weight of the apparatus.

As shown in Figure 6, a yoke is secured to the upper end of the rod 54; by means oix a collar 6l and a set 'screw 62. The yoke 60 comprises a 'front or lower vertical portion 63, a horizontal portion 64, and a back or uppervertical portion 65. The horizon tal portion 64 has beveled side members 66 secured thereto, so as to form a dovctail slot 67. A bar 68 is beveled so as to fit in the dovetail slot 67, and is adapted to slide horizontally therein. A vertical rod (Si) is secured to thebar 68, and a mirror box .70 rotatably mounted thereon and may be held in place by a cotter pin 7L or other suitable means.

The mirror box 70 comprises a top 75 and a bottom 76, connected together the rear corners by uprights 7l", and near the front corners by vertical rods 78. A pair ot rightangled mirror supports 79 are secured to the top and the bottom 76, respectively, and are provided with cooperating vgrooves in which are mounted two mirrors 80, which maire an angle of with each other. A vertical nose piece 81 is positioned adjacent l lll madres the apex of the right-angled supports T near the front center of the mirror bol-'1, and may be secured to the top and bottom of the boX. rlhe nose piece 81 serves to keep the patients breath from @lending the mirrors 80, which are preferably silvered on their front surfaces. A pair of eye shields S2,

which may be Abent to the shape shown inl Figure 14, are slidably mounted in cooperating grooves in the top and bottom Y6,

and may be adjusted to suit the Width of the patients head. rlhe vertical rods .78 are so positionel as to serve as stops to limit the inward movement of the eye shields 82.

A screw is secu-red to the upper vertical portion G3 of the yoke G0 below the mirror box 70 and has a knurled `hand Wheel 91 threaded thereon. 'lhe` hand wheel 91 has an integral extension 92 in which is formed a groove 98,' and a bifurcated member 911 secured to theloottom 70 of the mirror bof; 70 projects into the groove 93. By rotating' the hand Wheel 91, the mirror bon Z0 will thus be moved forward or backward A pointer 95 is secured to the eXte n 925ml moves over an indicator 96 secured to the yoke 60, for a purpose which Will be pointed out hereinafter.

The vertical arm of an L-shaped member is pivotally mounted' on a horizontal pin 101 (see Figure 6). The pin 101 has a knurled head 102 at one end and is threaded at the other end so that it may be screwed into a tapped hole 103 in the top of the upper vertical portion 65 of the yoke 60. The member 100 may be freely turned about the pin 101, and held in the desired position by turning the knurled head 102 so as to clamp it between the yoke 60 and a shoulder 104; on the head. The horizontal arm of the member 100 extends below the horizontal portion 64: of the yoke 60, and is provided at its end with a collar 105.

A stud shaft 110 is firmly held in the collarr105V by means of a set screw 111. rlhe stud shaft is arranged immediately below the rod 69Whi'ch forms the vertical pivotal axis of the mirror box. A pair of plates 112 are rigidly secured to the shaft 110 and are held apartby relatively7 narrow spacers 112. @ne of the spacers 113 has :t pinion 114 rotatably mounted thereon. A disk 115 is rotatably mounted on the shaft 110 adjacent each fixed plate 112, and each rotatable disk 115 is provided with a bov 116 thereon. These bosses may be shaped as shown in Figure 3, and are of suiiicient thickness to hold the disks 115 in contart With the plates 112. A toothed segment 11T is secured to each disk 115 in` position to mesh with the pinion 1111.

Each boss 116 is provided with a square hole 120 in the sides thereof, in which one end-of a square arm 121 isy secured by a pin 122. t'Will be seen that the arms 121 may be moved forward or backward in unison by pushing on either one of the arms. Moreover botli of the arms may be given an oscillating or tilting` movement about the horizontal pivot pin 101 by pushing upwardly or downwardly thereon, and may be clamped atthe desired angle With the vertical by turning the knurled head 102 of the pin.

llt is to be noted that the movement of the arms 121 about the shaft 110 is such that the charts hereafter described are moved so as to remain tangent to the surface of a right circular cylinder Whose axis is the axis of shaft 110. Furthermore, the axis of shaft 110 intersects the horizontal airis thru the pin 101, so that the effect of oscillating` the shaft 110 about the pin 101 is to tilt thisv imaginary cylinder. Or, in other Words, the charts through all their movements always remain tangent to the surface of a sphere Whose center is the point of intersection of the airis of shaft 110 and the horizontal axis thru pin 101. Moreover, the chartsare preferablyA made of such size or supported at such heights that their centers lie in the same plane as the horizontal axis thru pin 101 so that they are tangent to the sphere at their centers. ln the above discussion, it is assumed that the charts are mounted at the same distance from the piv ota'l. axis of the arms 121, as Will normally be the case, and this distance is, of course, equal to the radii of the cylinder and the sphere above mentioned. 1n the movement the cli-arts about the pin A01, they always remain diametrically opposite each other maintain the same angular relationship, 'while in the pivotal movement of the arms 121 about the shaft 110, the angle between the planes of the charts is varied.

rlhe horizontal axis thru the pin 101 is the only truly fixed line of the apparatus, and the positions of all the other parts must therefore be defined in relation thereto. It will be seen from a consideration of the drawings that the axis of rotation of the mirror box is vertical and intersects the fixed horizontal axis. liloreover, when the mirror box is moved by rotating` the hand Wheel 91, it moves toward or from the aXis of shaft 110 in a direction parallel to the fixed axis, so that the axis of rotation the mirror bor; moves along the fixed horizontal axis and remains perpendicular thereto.

Two dials 125 are secured to the top plate 112 and a pointer 126 is secured to each arm 121, so that the positions of the arms 121 may be indicated' directly oir/the dials 125. is shown vin Figure 3, one dial 125 is positioned at each 'side of the apparatus to cooperate with each pointer 126, the two dials having` exactly similar sets ofscales, and the pointers 126 are offset somewhat to the front of the apparatus, in order to make it more convenient ferthe oculist to read the same from a position on either side of the patient. A. dial 127 (see Fig. 6) is secured to the upper Vertical portion of the `yoke 60, and a pointer 128 on the member 100 cooper.- ates therewith to indicate the position of the member 100. l The manner of Calibrating and using these dials will be described herey after.

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, two square sleeves 130 are slida-bly mounted on each of the arms 121 and may be held in any desired position by means of set .screws 131. Each sleeve 13() is provided with an integral extension 132 in which is formed a square vertical aperture 133.

lt is frequently desirable to mount the test charts or cards for use with my apparatus on the sleeves 130 in xed relation thereto. Vfhere this is the case, each chart 165 is secured in a slotted member 135 by means of a screw 136 (Figs. 7, 8 and 9). The members 135 are provided with reduced square lower ends 137 which lit removably in the apertures 133 of the sliding sleeves 130. lily th .i construction, the charts may be readily removed and diliferent ones substituted without disturbing the adjustment of the apparatus, and yet the cards will always be accurately centered with respect to the arms 121 and held perpendicular thereto.

At .other times it is necessary to mount other cards 156, 157 so that each may be rotated about an axis perpendicular to its plane. For this purpose the cards to be rotated are mounted on stands 145. Each stand comprises a vertical rod 146 provided with a flange 147, immediately below which is a square end portion 148 adapted to lit in thc aperture 133 of a sleeve 130. The upper end of the rod 1&6 is provided with a forward extension 149 having a horizontal cylindrical aperture 15() therein, which goes entirely tln'ough the rod in order to permit light to pass therethrough. Each rotatable card has a flanged tubular member 151 secured to the center of the back thereof, which is adapted 'to rotate in the aperture 150. By providing central apertures in the rotatable cards, there will thus be a small point of light visible when looking at thi` 'front of the cards, which desirable for` some purposes.

l will nonr describe how the apparatus is adjustell for a standard individual. haring normal eyes which are at once ennnetropic, orthophoric and orthotropic, and also how the various scales are calibrated and used. An emmetropic'cye is one which will receive parallel rays of light exactly at a focus upon its fovca when in a state of rest without any efl'ort of accommodation. Orthophoria is a. conditionv of perfect muscle balance, equipoise, or binocular'equilibrium, and orthotropia is a condition of perfect binocular fixation. `Igwill assume that his interpupillary distance, that is, the distance between the centers of the pupilsl of his eyes when both eyes are looking straightforward, is two and one-half inches. rliest charts provided with similar central marks such as those disclosed in Fig. 7 are mounted on the arms 121 so as to be .fifteen inches distant from the standard individuals eyes when he is looking into the mirror box 70. The mir-r ror boxr is now moved forward or backwart by rotating the hand wheel 91, and the arms 121 are swung in a horizontal plane, until he sees the central marks on the two cards fused together to form a single composite image in relief. The apparatus will then be in the position shown diagrammatically in 'tion of the arms 121 being their correct or normal position. This process is then repeated for other focal distances of, say, twenty-live inches and three feet. The scales may be calibrated for any other focal distances desired up to inlinity, and those between the Values selected may be obtained by interpolation. For practical purposes a focal distance of twenty feet is considered to be the same as having the focal point at intinity. Wlhen the focal point is at infinit-y, the arms 121 will form a straight line, that is, they will be at an angle of to each other.

To complete the calibration of the scales on indicator 96, we must substitute other standard individuals having different interpupillary distances, and mark the positions in which the mirror box .must be placed so as to duplicate the conditions illustrated in Figure 13. The zero position of the arms 121 will remain unchanged for the same focal distance regardless of the changes in the iintcrpupillary distance.

After the zero points for the selected focal distances are established on the scales of dials 125, the other graduations are marked in terms of the power of the prisms which would have to be placed before the standard individuals eyes in ord-r for him to obtain a single binocular image of the central. marks on the two test charts with the arms in their new position. For example, if a prism hai'- ing a strength of one centrad or one prism diopter is placed base in before one of his eyes with the apparat -1 in the position shown in Figure 13, it is obvious that his ej: will no longer focusy as there shown, and that he lll) lill) 91; .Le-sones will see two separato images side by side. ln quite close to the mirror boi; '70. The disorder to again establish binocular stereo vi Vion, the arms 121fmust be moved forward from their Zero position for that focal distance. ri`he new positions ot' the point-ers 126 will therefore be marked '1' centred, or 1 pi'ism-diopter, which is the substantial equivalent in a different system ot prism nomenclature. Other graduations will be established in the same manner lf'or the difterent ilocal lengths adopted and for various prism strengths, the prisms being used both base in and base out to calibrate movements ot the arms 121 either way from the Zero position.'

As al practical mattei', the calibration might be ellected either mechanically or by mathematical calculation. For a mechanical calibration., two lights so consti icted as to emit a small pencil oil parallel rays may be placed in the positions which the patio is eyes would -occupy with respect to the mirror box. rilhe anale of convergence o' the two light pencils is then adjusted so that the pencils would cross at the desired focal distance. The mirror boi; 70 and the arms 121 are then adjusted so that the rel'lectel pen* cils stril-:e the test charts exactly at their centers, the centers being arranged, ol course, in the same horizontal plane tie pencils. he various scales may then be graduated as above described for the focal distance and intcrpupillary distance employed, the process being repeated for other values and using prisms as above described. A mathen'iatical calibration could be readily worked out given the dimensions of the apparatus.

lt will be obvious that for an individual with normal eyes, the lJ-shaped member 160 should remain always in its vertical position no matter what focal length is en'iployed. lifhere one eye turns upward or downward relative to the other, however,v the member 16() must be rotated about the horizontal pivot pin 101 to secure binocular fixation. 'lhis corresponds to placing a prism base up or base down before one eye of the standard individual, and the single scale on the dial 12'? is therefore calibrated in this manner.

ln making tests to show the muscular balance or imbalance et a patients eyes, the apparatus is set up as shown in Figures l and 2, preferably using screens 155 on the inner pair oi sleeraI 30, and rotatable test cards 15:6 and 15T on the outer pair. The screens 1t are shown in detail in Figure 9, und are simply blank cards ot even color, preferably black, provided with central through which the patient may the test card mounted behind the The apertured screens 155 are pro 'ith supporting members 135 as Vabove d The screens 155 are used only to cut oli all external objects from the patientls vision, and are therefore preferably mounted vided tance between the screens 155 and the mirror be omitted entirely it desired. @n the other hand., two screens n ,1 be employed 'Lor cach eye, one near n; boi: and one near the rotatable test cl might mounted direcn, apertures oi the outer pair or' screens, tl elir `ra ng the stands 1%5.

rllhe test cards 156 and 157, shown in detail in Figures 10 and 11, respectively, are pre'l'- era ly circular and are provided with unlike objects. Gn the card 156 three lines 156 ol' equal length are drawn extending radially irom the center so as to torni a T. fr single line 160 oli the same length is drawn on the card 157 extending radially -from its center. rThe cards 156 and 157 may both be provided with small central apertures 161. ln its normal position, the card 156 is mounted on its stand 145 so that the head of the l i'orm d by thevlines 158 is horizontal and its stem entends vertically downward, while the card 157 is mount-ed so that the line 160 extends vertically upward. The bacioi' each o'l': these test cards is provided with a scale 162 of the protractor type with 'the Zero inarlr corresponding` to the normal posit-ion ot the card. Pointers 163 may be provided on the stands 1%5 to cooperate with these s-ales. lt will be seen that when the cards are in their normal or Zero positions, and the apparatus is in other respects adjusted ior normal eyes, the standard individual will the unlike objects on the two cards as a single composite image in the torni ot a cross. Because unlike objects are provided ior the two eyes, there is no unconscious or involuir tary attempt on the part or the patient to bring them together to form a single object, and the eyes are therefore examined while they are in a state of rest.

As above stated, it the patients eyes are emmetropic and orthoplioric, the two dissimilar objects on the cards 156 and 157 will be seen as a single composite image in the form ot a cross when the apparatus is in the position shown in Figure 13 and the cards are in their normal positions above dei'ined. It' the patient has esophoria, which is a condition where tlie visual axes oi' the eyes tend to deviate inwards, it will be necessary lo move the arms 121 forward in order to. florm a composite image. This condition. is illustrated in Figures 15 and 16. lt the visual axes ot the patients eyes tend to deviate outwards, as do the exophoric eyes shown diagrammatically in Figur-es 17 and 18, it

iii :i

`will be necessary to move the arms 121 baclc ward in order to obtain binocular vision. ln each case the necessary prism correction, and consequently the amount oit the esophoria or exophoria, may be read directly oil? either Eco lill) iii heeej/ee citi-c tests, it will be obvious that it is by no means limited thereto but may be used to perform agreat variety of eye tests. The six possible adjustments of my device, namely, the forward or backward movement of the mirror box, the forward or backward movement of the arms 121, the tilting of thearms 121 about a horizontal axis, the rotation ofthe mirror boX, the inward or outward movement of the charts, and the rotation of the charts about a horizontal axis, make my `apparatus extremely versatile. Not all of these adjustments are necessary for some tests, but they are all called into service at one time or another, and they greatly extend the field of utility of the apparatus.

it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that more accurate results may be obtained by using my apparatus and making` all the necessary corrections at one reading, than by using separate instruments for each test, as is now usually done. The reason for this is thatwith my apparatus the patients eyes are in a state of rest, whereas with prior ytypes of apparatus with which tests for only a single defect are made at a time, the presence of other uncorrecteddefects may cause an'involuntary adjustment of the patients eyes which destroys the accuracy of the reading. For example, in testing a patient afllicted with both cycloplioria and esophoria with an ordinary clinoscope, the readings of the clinoscope may be affected by the muscular strain upon the patients eyes necessary to oyercon'ie his esophoria. With my apparatus, on the other hand, a correction is made for each defect, and the eyes are examined in a perfect state ofrestf Many alterations or modications might be made in the structure above described .'fithout aecting,` the spirit of my invention, and my invention therefore includes all such changes which fall within the scope of the appended claims.

*lA-laving thus described the invention what is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is: i

1. rin' eye testingapparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pluit mirrors adapted to retlcct light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that cach eye sees only one of said charts, and

r al ity Vmeans for adjusting the relative positions ot said charts and mirrors so that a single .binocular image in stereo relief is seen,'and

means for indicatinv the extent of such adn j -J` z3 i l ustinent with respect to a )redetermined .L l

relative position. v p, Y 2x1/in eye,testingv apparat-us, cpinpris g in combination, a plurality or niirroi adapted to be positioned adjacent the eyes to be tested, a pair'of test charts adapted to' cooperate with said mirrors so that each eye sees only oneof said charts, and means for adyasting the relative positions of said charts and mirrors so that a light ray from the center of each chart perpendicular thereto will be reflect-ed into the center of the coi-respending,` eye, and means for inea.;- urinzg` the extent of such adjustment wi th spect to a normal position.

3. in eye test-ing apparatus, coi'iiprising'.

in combination, a pair of test charts, a plu rality of mirrors adapted to retlcct light rays from said charts into a aii' of eyes so that each eye sees only oi e of said chart-s, and means for oscillating' said charts about 'i equidistant therefrom so that the are aluf'ayrs on diametrically oppos sides of said axis.'

ein oye test ig apparatus, con'ipiisiiig;v in combination, a pan' of test charts, :i plu- Ly of inirrors adapted to retiect light rays from said charts into a p iii' of eyes so that each eye sees only oV said chart" und means` for moving,Y saitL toward or from each other so that they are always tangent to the surface of right circular cylinder whose a: parallel to the planes of the charts and equidistant there-- from.

5. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a plurality of mirrors adapted to rellect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye only one of'said charts, means for oscillat-ing,` said charts about. :i fixed anis equidistant 'therefrom so that the charts are always on diainetrically opposite sides of said fixed anis, and means for miniii said charts toward or from each other so that they are always tangent to the surface of a right circular cylinder whose anis is parallel to the planes the charts and perpendicular to said liz-:ed airis.

(3. in eye t-estin` apparatus, comprising;v in combination, a pair ot test charts, a glui r e l =ity of mirrors adapted to reflect linut -rays from said charts into a pair ot eyes so that each leye sees only one of said charts, means for oscillating said charts about an axis equidistant therefrom so that the charts are always on diameti'ically opposite sidesl of said anis, and means for moy said mirrors in a direction parallel to suie axis.

7. fin eye testing apparatus cou'iprising in combination, a pair of ti. rality of mirrors adapted to Y rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees onlyone of said charts,

vmeans foi moving said charts arcuatcly to* Ward or from each other so that theyv are d 1 always tangent to the surface of right circular cylinder whose anis arallel to the planes of the charts and coli. i istant therefrom, and means for moving said mii'r toward or from the axis of said. cylind a 8. itin eye testing apparati s, com arising' in combination, a pair of test charts, :i plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect light rays troni seid charts into a pair of `eyes so thet each eye sees only one oft seid charts, means for oscillating seid charts about e ihren exis equidistent therefrom so that the charte :ire zilwzrys on diametri elly opposite sides o d lixed exis, ineens for r'oving seid chal o 's toward or from euch otr. that they ire :ilnuiys tangent to the surece oit' e rieght circuler cyliinler 'whose exis is parallel to the plenos olf the charts und perpejndicnler to seid ifie'd exis, and ineens for moving seid .in roi-s ,in e direction parallei to seid lifted 211ml. y

S). [in eye testing;` apparatus, comprisng,` in coniliiimtionv7 :r parir oit est charts, u phirelity oi? mirrors adapted to reflect light rziys troni seid chairts into e. pair of e'cs so thet euch eyer sees only one oli' seid charts, ineens for ofsciiluting said charte about e tired :iris equin "ent tl'iereLrOIn sothet the charts are ulwzlys on dienietrionly opposite sides ot seid tired arie, Ineens `ifor nro'vip seid charts toward or troni euch other so that they nre always tangent to the surface oit :i right circular yoylinder Whose airis is parallel to the pleines 'of the eherts und perjrienrfliculer to seid :fixed axis, ineens for inoving: seid niirrors in n direction parallel to seid hired exis, and ineens for rotutino1 euch of seid charts about en axisperpendicular o iur pleno. i .ld eye testing apparatus, comprising vin c nnhinetion, e pair of test Charts, e pair of an" mounted :it en angle to each other end edi ned to retlect light rays troni seid ehiirts into e per.: et eyes so that eech eye k seesoniy one oil seid charts toward or troni ezioh other so they are ulvmysK tangent to the surizioe ot u, right ci'reuler eyliirde Whose .is per el to the planes oit the charts :1nd equi-- nrt therefrom, and ineens ttor moving l olaz-irte about u second exis perpendicu- *o `the :iris oi "d imagine/ry eylin der in :zum manner :ze to tilt the :mis et seid cylinder with respect to the mirrors Without clninn'iiig; the angular relationship of seid charte.

ll. in testing apparatus, roniprissing l in combination, e, parir o-'l' test charts, :t piir olf mirrors n'ioiu'ited et en angie toeech other :ind udnpted "to rieot light reys from seid its into zi pair oi eyes so that oooh eye only one L seidchzrrts, ineens for inorfig' seid charts toward or from eech other rso .nat they e re always tangent to the surfe-oe n1 :i rel t circuler cylinder whose :iris is ierullel ro the planes of thel che-ris end eqn# hetnet theretroni` ineens for inovinn; 'seid che-rte about u Vsecond exis @einer l Q; ol seid in'mgi-nz rycylinder in s eh es to tilt the 's et said cylinder i respect to the mirrors Without crient? ingr the angular relationship of seid charts seid charts, ineens for ineviicnler of a right circuler cylinder Whose exis is parallel .to the planes of the charts and equi-- distant therefrom, ineens :tor moving d charts about e second tris perpendieulei to the exis of seid imaginary cylinder in such vmnner es to tilt the exis ot seid 'c yliinler with respect to the mirrors without clianginel the angular relationship of seid charts, ineens for moving seid mirrors ine direction parallel to said second exis, and nier-ns tor rotating each of seid charts about en 'is through its Center and perpendiruler to its plane.

13. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, e pair of test charts7 fr p o?.l mirrors mounted et en :ingle to eaoli other and adapted to reflect light rays 'from seid cher into u pair of eyes so theteech eye sees only one of seid charts, ineens for inow ing seid charts toward or freni each other so that they ere always tangent to the surface oi a ri ght circuler cylint-er Whose exis is par; eli-el to the planes of the charts and equi.- distan't therefrom, ineens for moving said charts about e second axis -`perpei cular to the axis of said inleg-iinery cylinder in sneh inzinner as to tiltfthe of seid cylinder with respect to the niirrors Without chung- `ing theenguler-relationship et saidche 's ineens for moving; seid mirrors in e dires* ytion parallel vto seid seeo-ndexis, and ineenfi; for rotating` seidv mirrors about en unis ellel te their line of intersection distant from each mirror.

'i1-l. An eye testing eppnretus, eonugrisino' in comhinetioin e pair `el' el oi mirrors -inoun'ted et un eznggle t, und adapted to reflect light reys itz: n sein-l chertsinto pair of eye|` so that ez '1li eye sees only one of seid cherts,'n1eens for ino`ving seid charts in e.. vertical direction in such nienner that they are elweys tangent their centers to the surface oie sphere whose center is the intersection' of e pei-r oit lines pass ing' throug'i` the center of eeen, chart and 13erpendiculer thereto, When seid charts ere in enon-parallelposition,k and ineens for moving seid mirrors in e direction perpendicular to their line off intersection.

, An 'eye testing` apparatus, eeinprisiizig in combination, a peir of testeherts,n pair ot mirrors mounted et en angle. to eachother charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye lili Cil

sees only one ol said charts, means for moving,` said charts in a vertical direction in such manner that they are always tangent at their' centers to the surface of a sphere whose center is the mid-point ol a line connectingY the centers of the chart-s andperpendicular to each chart, means for moving' said mirrors in a direction perpendicular to their line of intersection, and means for rotating` each el said charts about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its plane.

16. fin eye testing,` apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair ot test charts, a pair of mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted rto reflect light rays trom said. cnarts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one ct said charts, means for moving` said charts in a vertical direction in such manner that they are always tangent at their centers to the surface ot a sphere whose center .is the mid-pointot a line connecting the centers of the chart-s and perpendicular to each chart, means for moving said mirrors in a direction perpendicular' to their line of intersection, and means for rotating said mirrors about an axis )arallel to their line ot intersection and equi ,istant from each mirror.

l?. An eye testing,- apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair oi'l test charts, a pair ot vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair ot eyesso that each eye only one ot' said charts, means for oscillating saidV charts about a lixed horizontal axis so that they are always on diametrically opposite sides thereof, and means tor moving` said charts about a second axis parallel to the planes of said charts and perpendicular to said horizontal axis so that the angle between the chartsis varied.

i8. an eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair ol" vertical mirrors mounted at an vangle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays Vtroni said charts into a pair ot eyes so that each eye sees only one ot said charts, means 'tor oscillatingl said charts about a fixed horizontalaids so that they are always on diainelrically opposite sides thereof, means for moving said charts about a secon L axis parallel to the planes ot said charts and perpendicular to said horizontal axis so that the angle between the charts is varied, and meanstor moving said mirrors in a direction parallel to said fixed axis.

i9. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair ot vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to cach other and adapted to reflect light rays troni said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, means for oscillating said charts about a fixed horizontal axis so that they are always on diametrically opposite slides tliereoLmeans for moving said charts about a second axis parallel to the planes ot said charts and f parallel to said fixed axis, and means torno rotating` each of said charts about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its plane.

20. An eye testing` apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair ot test charts, a pair of vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one ot said charts, means tor oscillating said charts about a l'xed horizontal axis so that they are always on diametrically opposite sides thereof, means for moving said charts about a second axis parallel to the planes ot said charts and perpendicular to said horizontal axis so that the angle between the charts is varied, means for moving said mirrors in a direction parallel to said lixed axis, and means for rotating said mirrors about a vertical axis between the same and equidistant therefrom, said mirrors being so positioned that their axis of rotation intersects said fixed horizont-al axis.

2l. iin eye testing apparatus, comprising,` in combination, a pair of test charts, a plurality ot mirrors adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of' said charts, a supporting,- arm for each of said test charts and normally in alignment and a pivotal connection between said arms.

22. An eye testing apparatus, comprising,` in combination, a pair of'lnormally diagonally opposite test charts, a plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair ot eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm 'for each of said test charts, and means forY oscillating said arms about a common axis parallel to their plane.

An eye testing,` apparatus, comprisingI in combination, a pair of normally diagonally opposite test charts, a pluarlity of mirrors adapted to reflect light rays from said sharts into a pair of' eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm tor each of said test charts, a-pivotal connection between said arms, and means for oscillating said pivotal connection about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the pivotal connection.

24. An eye testing` apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a plurality ot mirrors adapted to reflect light rays 'from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm Yfor each of said test charts, a pivotal connection between said arms, means for oscillating` said pivotal connection about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the lll pivotal connection, and means for movingy said mirrors in a direction parallel to the axis about which the pivotal connection rotates.

25. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pairy or' test charts, a plurality of mirrors adapted to reilect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm for each ot said test charts, a pivotal connection between said arms, means for oscillating said pivotal connection about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the pivotal connection, means for moving said mirrors in a direction parallel to the axis about which the pivotal. connection rotates, and means for rotatingeach of said charts about an axis through its center' and perpendicular to its plane.

26. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting` arm for each of said test charts, a pivotal connection between said arms, means for oscillating said pivotal connection about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the pivotal connection, means for moving said mirrors in a direction parallel to the axis about which the pivotal' connection rotates,

and means 'for rotating said mirrors abouty an axis parallel to their line of intersection and equidistant from each mirror.

27. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test4 charts, a pair of vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm for each of said test charts perpendicular to the plane thereof, and means for rotating said armsabout an axis perpendicular to the plane of the arms.

28. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair of vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, 'a supporting arm for each of said test charts perpendicular to the plane thereof, means tor rotating said arms about an `axis perpendicular to the plane of the arms, and means for oscillating said arms about a horizontal, axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation oi" the arms.

429. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair of vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted to reflectlight rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm for each of saidtest charts per.

pendicular to the plane thereof, means for rotating said arms about an axis perpendicular to the'plane of the arms, means for oscillating said arms about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the arms, and means for moving said mirrors in a direction perpendicular to'their line of intersection.

30. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair of Vertical mirrors mounted at a angle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair' of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm for each of said test charts perpendicular to the plane thereof, means for rotating said arms about an axis perpen dicular to the plane of the arms,'means for oscillating said arms about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis ot rotation of the arms, means for moving said mirrors in a direction perpendicular to their line of intersection, and means for rotating each o't said charts about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its plane.

' S1. An eye testing apparatus, comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, a pair of vertical mirrors mounted at an angle to each other and adapted to reflect light rays from said charts into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one of said charts, a supporting arm for each of said test charts perpendicular to the plane thereof, means for rotating said arms about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the arms, means for oscillating said arms about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation ot the arms, means for moving said mirrors in a direction perpendicular to their line ot intersection, and means for rotating said mirrors about an axis parallel to their line of intersection and equidistant trom each mirror.

32. An eye testing apparatus comprising in combination, a pair of test charts, appair of mirrors mounted at an acute angle to each other and adapted to `reflect light rays from said chart into a pair of eyes so that each eye sees only one ol. said charts, means -for i adjusting said charts to correct and indicate any Vertical declination oi said eyes, and

further means of adjustment to correct and indicate any horizontal deviation thereof While the vertical declination is corrected,

whereby the amount indicated is unaffectedV by the vertical deviation.

In testimony Whereot` I hereunto afx my signature.

WlLLAM PERRY REAVES. 

